What is Hedging?
There are many ways to reduce your investment risks like research and analysis. But if you have a risky investment on hand, research and analysis may not be that helpful, you may need something more practical such as hedging. Hedging is a very powerful tool to reduce risk and is using by many different investors and well established enterprises. Let us begin to understand more about hedging.
Why there are so many people and well established enterprises use hedging? You need opportunities from investments. But no free lunch, there are risks linked to such investments. To reduce the risks on such investments, many of them choose hedging as one of the methods. There are many different types of hedging products available to cover different types of investments. You can find foreign currency ones, interest rate ones, future ones, options ones and stock price ones.
The core objective for hedging is to reduce the risk instead of earns money. Therefore, what you would do is to invest in two products that are negatively correlated. In simpler term, that is when investment A earns money, investment B will lose money. The gain and the loss offset each other that your risk is minimized.
It always makes sense that, the higher the risk, the high the opportunity. When the risk is reduced by hedging, you can expect the highest possible earning to be reduced, too. But on the other hand, as the risk is reduced, when you are losing money, the amount that you are going to lose can be lesser.
Let us illustrate more clearly with an example on interest rate swap. Assume that you have a loan from the bank of $50,000. You have to pay interest at the market rate for the loan. There is an interest rate risk that the interest rate goes up and you have to pay more interest. Therefore, you want to reduce your exposure to this interest rate risk and entered into an interest rate swap with the bank.
As mentioned, the hedge reduces your risk and at the same time reduces your possible earning. Depending on how much risk that you wish to reduce, you can enter into swap that amounts to exactly $100,000 or you can just enter one that is $50,000. Let us now assume you have entered into a $100,000 interest rate swap that you receive floating interest income.
When the market rate goes up, you have to pay more for the loan, but on the other hand, you receive more from the interest rate swap. On the other hand, if the interest rate goes down, you pay less, but you receive less as your interest income. To note that, hedging may not help you eliminate the risk but only reduce, therefore, you cannot expect that the interest pay out should be exactly the same as interest income.
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